C++ Programming Language: History, Features, Uses, Applications & Advantages

C++ is a general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or “C with Classes”. The language has expanded significantly over time, and modern C++ now has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation. It is almost always implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel, Oracle, and IBM, so it is available [ [ ...]

What Is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data. A computer includes hardware and software. In general, hardware comprises the visible, physical elements of a computer, and software provides the invisible instructions that control the hardware and make it perform specific tasks. Knowing computer hardware isn’t essential to learning a programming language, but [ [ ...]

Programming Languages

Computer programs, known as software, are instructions that tell a computer what to do. Computers do not understand human languages; so programs must be written in languages computers can understand. There are hundreds of programming languages, developed to make the programming process easier for people. However, all programs must be converted into the instructions the [ [ ...]

Operating Systems

Popular operating systems for general-purpose computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. Application programs, such as a Web browser or a word processor, cannot run unless an operating system is installed and running on the computer. Figure 1.10 shows the interrelationship of user, application programs, operating system, and hardware. Figure 1.10 Users and applications [ [ ...]

History of C++

C++ is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. C, C++, Java, and C# are related. C++ evolved from C. Java was modeled after C++. C# is a subset of C++, with some features similar to Java. If you know one of these languages, it is easy to learn the others. C evolved from the B language, [ [ ...]

A Simple C++ Program

A C++ program is executed from the main function. Let us begin with a simple C++ program that displays the message Welcome to C++! on the console. (The word console is an old computer term. It refers to a computer’s text entry and display device. Console input means to receive input from the keyboard and [ [ ...]

C++ Program-Development Cycle

The C++ program-development process consists of creating/modifying source code, compiling, linking and executing programs. You have to create your program and compile it before it can be executed. This process is repetitive, as shown in Figure 1.11. If your program has compile errors, you have to modify it to fix them and then recompile it. [ [ ...]

Programming Style and Documentation

Good programming style and proper documentation make a program easy to read and help programmers prevent errors. Programming style deals with what programs look like. A program could compile and run properly even if you wrote it on one line only, but writing it that way would be bad program- documentation ming style because it [ [ ...]

Programming Errors

Programming errors can be categorized into three types: syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic errors. Programming errors are unavoidable, even for experienced programmers. Errors can be cat egorized into three types: syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic errors. 1. Syntax Errors Errors that are detected by the compiler are called syntax errors or compile errors. [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Writing a Simple Program

Writing a program involves designing a strategy for solving a problem and then using a programming language to implement that strategy. First, let’s consider the simple problem of computing the area of a circle. How do we write a program for solving this? Writing a program involves designing algorithms and translating them into program-ming instructions, [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Reading Input from the Keyboard

Reading input from the keyboard enables the program to accept input from the user. In Listing 2.1, the radius is fixed in the source code. To use a different radius, you have to modify the source code and recompile it. Obviously, this is not convenient. You can use the cin object to read input from [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Identifiers and Variables

1. Identifiers Identifiers are the names that identify elements such as variables and functions in a program. As you see in Listing 2.3, main, numberl, number2, number3, and so on are the names of things that appear in the program. In programming terminology, such names are called identi­fiers. All identifiers must obey the following rules: [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Assignment Statements and Assignment Expressions

An assignment statement designates a value for a variable. An assignment statement can be used as an expression in C++. After a variable is declared, you can assign a value to it by using an assignment statement. In C++, the equal sign (=) is used as the assignment operator. The syntax for assignment state­ments is [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Named Constants

A named constant is an identifier that represents a permanent value. The value of a variable may change during the execution of a program, but a named con­stant, or simply constant, represents permanent data that never changes. In our ComputeArea program, π is a constant. If you use it frequently, you don’t want to keep [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Numeric Data Types and Operations

C++ has nine numeric types for integers and floating-point numbers with operators +, -, *, /, and %. 1. Numeric Types Every data type has a range of values. The compiler allocates memory space for each variable or constant according to its data type. C++ provides primitive data types for numeric values, characters, and Boolean [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Evaluating Expressions and Operator Precedence

C++ expressions are evaluated in the same way as arithmetic expressions. Writing numeric expressions in C++ involves a straightforward translation of an arithmetic expression using C++ operators. For example, the arithmetic expression can be translated into a C++ expression as (3 + 4 * x) / 5 – 10 * (y – 5) * (a [ [ ...]

Case Study: Displaying the Current Time in C++

You can invoke the time(0) function to return the current time. The problem is to develop a program that displays the current time in GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) in the format hour:minute:second, such as 13:19:8. The time(0) function, in the ctime header file, returns the current time in seconds elapsed since the time 00:00:00 on [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Augmented Assignment Operators, Increment and Decrement Operators

1. Augmented Assignment Operators The operators +, -, *, /, and % can be combined with the assignment operator to form augmented operators. Often, the current value of a variable is used, modified, and then reassigned back to the same variable. For example, the following statement increases the variable count by 1: count = count [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Numeric Type Conversions

Floating-point numbers can be converted into integers using explicit casting. Can you assign an integer value to a floating-point variable? Yes. Can you assign a floating­point value to an integer variable? Yes. When assigning a floating-point value to an integer variable, the fractional part of the floating-point value is truncated (not rounded). For example: int [ [ ...]

Elementary Programming in C++: Software Development Process

The software development life cycle is a multi-stage process that includes require-ments specification, analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Developing a software product is an engineering process. Software products, no matter how large or how small, have the same life cycle: requirements specification, analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance, as shown in Figure [ [ ...]