HTML: Introduction and History of Hypertext Markup Language

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the official markup language for displaying documents in a web browser. Techniques such as cascading style sheets (CSS) and scripting languages ​​such as JavaScript can help. Web browsers receive HTML documents from web servers or local storage and display the documents on multimedia pages. HTML describes the arrangement of a [ ...] [ ...]

The Internet and the Web

1. Introduction It is useful to know a little about the technical aspects of the Internet and the Web in order to better understand the various terminologies used in this book and also how what you produce will generally work. If you find that something is too technical in this chapter, you can skip it [ ...] [ ...]

Structural overview of an HTML Document

1. Introduction HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. Although, the knowledge of HTML is, in theory, not necessary to create Web pages, because there are tools that allow you to do this without having to write any code, knowing HTML enables you to customize or refine outputs from [ ...] [ ...]

Creating a Web Page with HTML

At this point, it is useful to show how to create an HTML document and render it into a Web page, so that you can use the knowledge in trying out the examples presented in this book. How to create a Web page varies according to the type of tool used. Tools are generally categorized [ ...] [ ...]

Text in HTML: Headings

HTML provides six levels of headings, which are represented by <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6> elements. The contents of the elements are displayed in different sizes and in bold. The content of <hl> is displayed in the largest size and that of <h6> in the smallest size. <h1> is used for main headings, [ ...] [ ...]

Text in HTML: Paragraphs

Paragraphs are defined with the <p> element, which you have already seen in some examples in Chapter 2. To create a paragraph of text, the text is enclosed between the tags of the element. Since it is a block-level element, its content is always placed on a new line by default. Some space is also [ ...] [ ...]

Text in HTML: Line Breaks, Thematic Breaks, and Comments

The elements used for line breaks and theme breaks are <br> and <hr>, respectively, and the element used for adding comments is  <!–…–>.  The <br> element allows you to insert a line break (i.e., carriage return) and is especially useful for producing line break in text (such as addresses and poems), where block-level elements like [ ...] [ ...]

Text in HTML: Superscript and Subscript

Superscript and subscript present information in certain ways that make it more easily understandable and are useful for communicating some specific types of information. A superscript is text that is higher and often smaller than the main text. It is used for suffixes of dates (such as in 21st June) and in mathematics for representing [ ...] [ ...]

Text in HTML: Importance, Emphasis, and Relevance

In a body of text, it is often necessary to make certain words or phrases look different from others for various reasons, because, for example, they are more important and you want to draw attention to them, just different, or related. The elements used to achieve goals like these are <strong>, <em>, and <mark>, respectively. [ ...] [ ...]

Text in HTML: Quotations and Citations

Quotations and citations are typically displayed in a way that differentiates them from the rest of the text. HTML provides elements that automatically do this. The two commonly used elements for quotations are <blockquote> and <q> and the one used for citations is <cite>. Table 3.1 gives the functions of these elements, and Figures 3.18 [ ...] [ ...]

Text in HTML: Definitions and Abbreviations

The elements used for creating definitions and abbreviations are <dfn> and <abbr> respectively. The <dfn> element is used to identify the term to be defined, while the definition of the term is placed outside the element. The content of the element (i.e., the term) is usually rendered in italic type by browsers. The <abbr> element [ ...] [ ...]

Small Text in HTML

Small (or fine) prints and side comments on a page, such as disclaimers, copyrights, licensing information, and legal restrictions, should not be achieved by reducing the size of font, using CSS, as this gives them no semantic meaning, which means that they will not be recognized as such by user agents. In order to give [ ...] [ ...]

Text Edit in HTML

Sometimes, it is useful to show both old and new content together in order to communicate some types of messages more effectively. This is done, for example, when you want to show people what the previous information was, whether for comparison (as in when showing price cuts in sales) or cross-checking (as in when people [ ...] [ ...]

Displaying Computer HTML Code and Output

Text relating to computer input and output codes are displayed using a set of elements designed for the purpose, which usually renders the text in the browser’s default monospaced font. This is a font in which letters and characters occupy the same amount of space. It is different from variable- width fonts, such as the [ ...] [ ...]

Displaying Preformatted Text in HTML

Sometimes, it is useful to display text the way you have formatted it. The <pre> element allows you to do this. It supports global attributes, and the content can be styled using CSS. It is a block-level element, and its content is rendered by default in monospace font, with leading space preserved and a margin [ ...] [ ...]

Authors’ Details and Publication Dates in HTML

The elements used for providing authors’ details and the publication time for a page are <address> and <time>. The <address> element is used to provide contact information and nothing else, and its content is usually rendered in italics. The <time> element is used to present time in a 24-hour format, date, and time. In reality, [ ...] [ ...]

Providing Hidden Additional Information in HTML

Sometimes, it is desirable to provide additional information but have it hidden, so that it is displayed only when users want it. HTML provides the <details> element, with which this can be done. The <summary> element can be used with this element to provide a visible heading for it, which, when users click, reveals the [ ...] [ ...]

Displaying a Dialog Box in HTML

HTML provides the <dialog> element for displaying content in a dialog box (or modal window) that can also be made interactive, typically using JavaScript. The element takes the open attribute, which says to display the box and make it active. When the attribute is not specified, the box is not displayed. A form can also [ ...] [ ...]

Menu Bar and Drop-Down Menus in HTML

Menu bars and drop-down menus are common features in Web design. Traditionally, implementing them requires the use of CSS and/or scripting. However, HTML now provides elements that make this more straightforward. The downside is that, as of time of writing, they are yet to be supported by any of the major browsers. These elements are [ ...] [ ...]

Text in HTML: Displaying Special Characters

Sometimes, it is necessary to include HTML characters, such as <, > and &, in a page. This may be, for example, because you are building an HTML tutorial Web page. In order to ensure that the browser does not interpret the characters as HTML code, character entity references or numeric character references (also known [ ...] [ ...]